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Health promotion has been defined by the World Health Organization's (WHO) 2005 Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World as "the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health".〔Participants at the 6th Global Conference on Health Promotion. (The Bangkok Charter for health promotion in a globalized world. ) Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2005 Aug 11. Accessed 2009 Feb 4.〕 The primary means of health promotion occur through developing healthy public policy that addresses the prerequisites of health such as income, housing, food security, employment, and quality working conditions. More recent work has used the term Health in All Policies to refer to the actions to incorporate health into all public policies. There is a tendency among public health officials and governments—and this is especially the case in neoliberal nations such as Canada and the USA—to reduce health promotion to health education and social marketing focused on changing behavioral risk factors. Recent work in the UK ''(Delphi consultation exercise due to be published late 2009 by Royal Society of Public Health and the National Social Marketing Centre)'' on relationship between health promotion and social marketing has highlighted and reinforce the potential integrative nature of the approaches. While an independent review (NCC 'It's Our Health!' 2006) identified that some social marketing has in past adopted a narrow or limited approach, the UK has increasingly taken a lead in the discussion and developed a much more integrative and strategic approach〔Strategic Social Marketing in 'Social Marketing and Public Health' 2009 Oxford Press〕 which adopts a holistic approach, integrating the learning from effective health promotion approaches with relevant learning from social marketing and other disciplines. A key finding from the Delphi consultation was the need to avoid unnecessary and arbitrary 'methods wars' and instead focus on the issue of 'utility' and harnessing the potential of learning from multiple disciplines and sources. Such an approach is arguably how health promotion has developed over the years pulling in learning from different sectors and disciplines to enhance and develop. ==History== The "first and best known" definition of health promotion, promulgated by the ''American Journal of Health Promotion'' since at least year 1986, is "the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health".〔(American Journal of Health Promotion. ) Accessed 2009 Feb 4.〕 This definition was derived from the 1974 Lalonde report from the Government of Canada,〔 which contained a health promotion strategy "aimed at informing, influencing and assisting both individuals and organizations so that they will accept more responsibility and be more active in matters affecting mental and physical health".〔Lalonde M. (A new perspective on the health of Canadians. A working document. ) Ottawa: Government of Canada, 1974.〕 Another predecessor of the definition was the 1979 ''Healthy People'' report of the Surgeon General of the United States,〔 which noted that health promotion "seeks the development of community and individual measures which can help... () to develop lifestyles that can maintain and enhance the state of well-being".〔(Healthy people: the Surgeon General's report on health promotion and disease prevention. ) Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health and Surgeon General, 1979. DHEW (PHS) Publication No. 79-55071. Accessed 2009 Feb 4.〕 At least two publications led to a "broad empowerment/environmental" definition of health promotion in the mid-1980s:〔 * In year 1984 the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe defined health promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health". In addition to methods to change lifestyles, the WHO Regional Office advocated "legislation, fiscal measures, organisational change, community development and spontaneous local activities against health hazards" as health promotion methods.〔 * In 1986, Jake Epp, Canadian Minister of National Health and Welfare, released ''Achieving health for all: a framework for health promotion'' which also came to be known as the "Epp report".〔 This report defined the three "mechanisms" of health promotion as "self-care"; "mutual aid, or the actions people take to help each other cope"; and "healthy environments".〔 The WHO, in collaboration with other organizations, has subsequently co-sponsored international conferences on health promotion as follows: *1st International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 1986, which resulted in the "Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion".〔(The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 21 November 1986. ) Accessed 2009 Feb 4.〕 According to the Ottawa Charter, health promotion:〔 * * "is not just the responsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond healthy life-styles to well-being" * * "aims at making... (economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors ) favourable through advocacy for health" * * "focuses on achieving equity in health" * * "demands coordinated action by all concerned: by governments, by health and other social organizations. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「health promotion」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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